Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example Despite the fact that the association had a compelling recognized record as an initiator of corporate social obligation, The Body Shop had its blondie portion of pundits. Since 1990, the association confronted high examination with respect to its few cases and business exercises. A few pundits denounced that the association and the originators of the association are scoundrels as they didn't follow the association esteems and arrangements. In the year 1994, as per the report of Jon Entine, the association didn't lead any beneficent commitment or exercises in its initial 11 years of business activity. Additionally, in the resulting years The Body Shop contributed under 1.5% of pre-charge benefit to good cause (Mallin, 2009, p.71). Also, as per Jon Entine, a few ex-workers of Body Shop guaranteed that the association gives different created items to their objective clients. The association is submitted in giving common and excellent items. Just keeping up the rich idea of the items are insufficient to draw in the clients. They have to guarantee that the items should be conveyed dependent on the hierarchical worth. The facts confirm that The Body Shop has been taken over by L’Oreal. L’Oreal utilizes creature testing for beauty care products. Then again, organizer of Body Shop restricted this idea of creature testing for their makeup all through their business activity of 30 years. Hostile to Nestle and Anti-creature campaigners began to blacklist the results of Body Shop. Because of this dissent, L’Oreal explained that they didn't execute any creature testing since 1989 (Purkayastha and Fernando, 2007, p.12). In addition, as indicated by a critic’s report, Body shop attempted to source fixings from the associations that guard and ensure all the nearby farmers’ legitimate rights. The association accumulated assets for the items in an exploitative manner that made enormous discussion. Accordingly, the association attempted to explain that they are taken over by L’Oreal. It isn't issue in any way. Upkeep of business morals and hierarchical worth is a signi ficant boundary of an effective business. The association submitted that they will give regular and top notch beauty care products to their objective clients. Shockingly, as indicated by the conversation of a few ex-workers it has been discovered that they give a few manufactured magnificence items. It is an infringement of authoritative vale and morals. Clients are considered as the significant business development drivers. It is significant for the association to shield human rights. Successful corporate social duty encourages an association to boost business benefits through manageable strategic policies. The associations need to think about social, prudent, ecological and legitimate rights to accomplish business objective. Also, maintainable strategic approaches encourages associations to build their image picture and notoriety in the serious worldwide, glocal and nearby market. Green business technique incorporates green industrialism. Body Shop follows forceful business extens ion plans. Significant target of the association is to bring in colossal cash for their significant and rich

Should America and Canada Have a Common Economy

Individuals have consistently considered what it resembles to step in the shoes of others †individuals that are totally not quite the same as them and see the distinctions and similitudes in their lives. Nowadays even nations are thinking about a similar inquiry. For instance, imagine a scenario where, Canada began offering its economy to the US. Canada and the United States have distinctive financial frameworks despite the fact that the nations are geologically near one another. In the monetary continuum of arranged, blended and advertise economies, Canada has a blended economy, and U. S has a market economy. As a rule, Canadians and Americans are totally different individuals. Making a solitary economy could effectsly affect the lives of the individuals and ought not be finished. For one thing, with less government inclusion Canada would no longer have the things that Canadians celebrate. Also, the switch would go down hard on the vagrants of Canada who might now not have the administration help that they urgently need and in a colder atmosphere like that of Canada, it would be difficult for them to get by with the new economy not helping them much. What's more, in conclusion, Canada as of now has the North American Free Trade Agreement which gives Canada, great participation with the United States and blocks the need of such a move. In the event that the Canadian economy coordinated into the American economy, the eventual fate of Canada would be bound to crumple due to the things that the individuals would lose. Right now, Canada is a government assistance state, where there are things, for example, senior benefits plans, free medicinal services and free instruction from K-12. In the event that the economy changed over, these future no more. That would prompt the beginning of these administrations being popularized which would make the costs soar (allude to figure 1). Average cost for basic items would go up. Wellbeing conditions would fall apart and the workforce would not be as gifted because of greater expense of training. Additionally migrant and displaced person populace would drop. That will antagonistically influence Canada's workforce. To summarize, the Canadian economy will endure vigorously. In the United States, the administration, leaves a significant part of the economy to the private segment and this prompts a greater expense of living. To the vagrants of Canada this is awful news. As a matter of first importance, Canadian vagrants live in a freezing atmosphere where they need to purchase winter coats and such. With a greater expense, the vagrants basically can't manage the cost of the all the things to endure winter and will have bunches of issues. This would include around 300,000 destitute dissidents that would conflict with the coordination alongside the others that need free medicinal services back and would make huge issues the legislature. In 1994, The North American Free Trade Association began to be executed and unhindered commerce began between Canada, America and Mexico. Canada has the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association) that makes Canada, United States and Mexico generally excellent helpful countries and together they have made the biggest facilitated commerce region. [1] John McCain from the Republican party[5] said â€Å"Last year alone, we (U. S. ) traded somewhere in the range of 560 billion dollars in products, and Canada is the main fare showcase for 36 of the 50 United States. [2] The nations have consented to numerous things that they will accomplish for one another, for example, reinforce the extraordinary obligations of companionship and collaboration among their countries, add to the agreeable turn of events and development of world exchange and give an impetus to more extensive universal participation and a lot more things[3] NAFTA has made a solid establishment for future and made great participation for the three economies. So for what reason does Canada need to share economies? Indeed, what Canada gets from it, does not merit the costs and dangers it faces during the change. So as an outline, making such a combination conceivable could prompt decimation, and a ton of battle for the individuals. So this ought not be finished. Doing the switch, removes the delights that we celebrate, for example, free medicinal services and makes enormous issues in the lives of individuals that rely upon these administrations. This additionally raises the costs of the merchandise in the market making an issue for the everyday citizens as well as considerably more definitely for the vagrants of Canada. Likewise, because of NAFTA, we have generally excellent participation with the United States. Is this extremely worth the change? Is it true that we will get enough back by doing this change?

Religion and Ethnic Diversity Essay Example for Free

Religion and Ethnic Diversity Essay Religion and Ethnic Diversity Buddhism was first found in Quite a while around 2,500 years prior. Buddhism is an expanding famous religion that keeps on being the main religion in the Far East. Buddhism has progressed over to a lot of nations that have grasped an immense assortment of customs, ceremonies, convictions, and practices. Buddhist’s don't accept that a God made Earth. Buddha is the main Master, Buddhists put stock in. Buddhist’s recognize that a definitive reason forever is to set up thought for every living being without imbalance and to perform for their piece, great, and joy. Buddhists have joined the Four Noble Truths in their lives, which are Dukkha, Samudä ya, Nirodha, and Magga. As per The Four Noble Truths (2013), 1.The truth of torment (Dukkha). 2. Reality of the beginning of affliction (Samudä ya). 3. Reality of the end of affliction (Nirodha). 4.The truth of the way to the discontinuance of affliction (Magga),† (The Four Noble Truths). Buddhism doesn't impart regular attributes to other religion gatherings. Buddhism is, nonetheless, open to different religions and convictions. This strict gathering recognizes the manner in which different religions educate those included. These people don't have faith in a God. It is a conviction framework like all different strict gatherings. There are people who don't acknowledge Buddhist and accept that the individuals who do won't paradise. Other people who won't get Buddhism and how it functions excuse it totally on the grounds that it isn't what they trust in. Despite the fact that Buddhism isn't America’s most rehearsed religion, its convictions and thoughts have been passed into American culture. It has helped mix American culture. Today there is a lot of Buddhists who add to advancing harmony among each other, connecting with the individuals who are in jail and who are destitute, and some even do promotion for the earth. Buddhist’s experience despise simply like others in different religions. In 2003, Chung Tai Buddhist Group applied to build a reflection and love focus in the city of Walnut, California, however the application was later denied. Not exclusively did the City Planning Commission deny the application, yet in addition inhabitants were against building the inside. Inhabitants contested ag ainst the arrangement since they accepted there would be an expansion in rush hour gridlock and clamor. A couple of years after the fact the City Planning Commission endorsed an application to expand on a portion of the territory Chung Tai had arranged to utilize. In 2010, the Department of Justice recorded a claim expressing the city of Walnut; California treated the gathering absurdly while managing the license to construct the love and contemplation community for Chung Tai Buddhist Group. The Department of Justice reached the resolution that it was strict separation. In the wake of realizing what Buddhism is and where it began from permits me to comprehend it more. I currently realize that it isn't just about murmuring and rehashing a couple of words in another dialect, yet additionally figuring out how to carry on with a more joyful, progressively unadulterated life even with the battles and terrible occasions that can happen. That, yet regarding each living thing for what it's worth. The Chinese are very not the same as other racial/ethnic gatherings. The two most normal dialects utilized in China are Mandarin or Cantonese. Mandarin is the administration, training, and media’s fundamental language that is utilized in China. Known as the ‘common language,’ mandarin is the principal language that is spoken. The Chinese are a consolidated society with the inclination to relate themselves in gatherings, regardless of whether it is to their work gathering, family, nation, or partners. The Chinese rely upon non-verbal correspondence like manner of speaking and outward appearance, to uncover what other possibly thinking or feeling. The Chinese have faith in a moral framework known as Confucianism. Confucianism is a set up of morals and practices that imply duties of individuals towards each other dependent on their relationship. The Chinese have and keep on adding to American culture from multiple points of view. Numerous Americans grasp Chinese religions. Changing over to Buddhism thus numerous other Asian religions. In the 1800’s Chinese settlers helped working with the gold excavators. These men helped build the intercontinental railroad. The Chinese have carried their plans to American societies that have been passed down from age to age. The Chinese brought their traditions, lang uage, and social association into American culture. On May 6, 1882 the Chinese Exclusion Act was marked into law. It was realized in answer to financial worries in the West Coast, where Americans attributed joblessness and retained wages to Chinese specialists. Americans at the time saw the Chinese as racially unconcerned. Despite the fact that the demonstration was canceled during World War II it just permitted 105 Chinese settlers for each year into the United States,â which still indicated preference against the Chinese. I accept the wellspring of partiality against the Chinese was financial advantage. A lot of Chinese migrants went to the states to look for business openings, however were prevented now and again on the grounds that from securing the immediate requirement for work. I do accept what I have found out about the Chinese helped me comprehend this gathering. I realized what a major commitment to our way of life they gave. I likewise discovered that in view of their incredible effect on American culture a few people take those equivalent traditions and values and join them into their own lives. The Chinese and Buddhist experienced comparable circumstances managing segregation since they were both aggrieved for being who they are as people. Neither one of these gatherings attempted to be something they were not, so they were prejudged and treated unreasonably. These gatherings experienced various circumstances managing separation in light of the fact that the Chinese were oppressed dependent on genuine and watched racial dissimilarities. Buddhist’s were oppressed dependent on who or what they put stock in. Buddhist’s were likewise oppressed in light of their inclination towards their religion and those having a place with different strict gatherings. Segregation towards these two gatherings and the numerous others isn't right. It has confined these gatherings from circumstances that ought to have consistently been accessible to one gathering, yet additionally all gatherings of people paying little mind to their appearance or their convictions. 1. The Four Noble Truths. (2013). Recovered from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/convictions/fournobletruths_1.shtml 2.

Managers and Leaders, are They Different - 275 Words

Managers and Leaders, are They Different? (Essay Sample) Content: (Name)(Instructors name)(Course)(Date)Managers and Leaders, Are they different? Management of companies faces challenges when it comes to decision-making and the mode of commutation between the employees. This influences the performance of the organizations and the results as poor decisions and poor implementation of the work ethics lead to poor performance (Zsolnai and Tencati, 2009, p. 5). Definition of managers is in terms of the hierarchical layers structured in the organization while the definition of leaders focuses on their roles in encouraging the employees to pursue their goals through support and not coercion. In relation to the book, a variety of differences exist between leaders and managers with regard to their roles, attitudes, perception and relationship with the employees. Managers practice favouritism in management choice of the team leaders in that they appoint employees of their own choice to hold positions on demand. Unlike, the leaders who advoc ate for joint union management choice based on goals, tests, performance merits and competence of the employees as this helps in curbing the problem of favouritism.In addition, managers are coercive in that they often instill fear among the employees by threatening to retrench them from their working stations. This creates insecurity of jobs among the workers and as a result, it causes low productivity, rampant use of drugs and alcohol and increased rates of absenteeism among the workers. On the contrary, leaders have confidence and trust in the workers, take pride in what they can do together as an organization and develop loyalty to them. Besides, managers are autonomous while the leaders are not. This demonstrated by the fact that management makes all decisions, and all problems solved by the management team. On the contrary, leaders urge participation in decision-making and team bonding between them and the employees and making of decisions decisions by broad and vertical consen sus. Majorly, managers encourage automation in that the machines used are more of labor intensive but the leaders use machine use to save workers from straining and to make their work easier. Managers are very authoritative in that they run through command, unlike, the leaders who are devoted, pay attention to each worker, and make sure collective participation is achieved (Adler, 2008, pg 102).Leaders engage the employees in standardized work training and give them opportunities to suggest ways that when employed would improve the quality of their jobs unlike, the managers who believe that giving workers chances to work smarter and improve the quality of their jobs would create free time and as a result. The workers would spontaneously engage in other new activities. In addition, managers impose formal work developed by the industrial engineers on the workers and this limits bureaucracy in the organization. On the other hand, leaders encourage the learning of bureaucracy by giving the employees chance to design their own ways as this would tap their potential contribution to continu...

Classical and Neoclassical Economists Adam Smith and...

In order to understand how economics really work in today’s age we must think about how those economic ideas, revolutionary theories of many economists, that helped to shape the economic structure as we know it now, through many individuals and school of economic though that has existed through the ages. These schools are â€Å"the mercantilists, the physiocrats, the classical economists, Marxian economics, the neoclassical economists and the monetarist economics. For this essay I will only refer to the classical economists and the neoclassical economists. The two most influential economists that helped to shape our economy with their thoughts and theories that are still used in modern economy are Adam Smith a classical economist and John†¦show more content†¦The classical economists were mostly English economists in the 18th and 19th century and they were the first real economists. One of the most famous classical economist is Adam Smith. Adam Smith was Scottish born in 1723 and died in 1790. He was the most influential economist and it could be said that he is the father if classical economics. Adam Smith had developed many economic theories that are still used to this day, many of his books had made a great impact on the development of economic thought. The main publications that Adam Smith had written are Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, both are of great importance. Most of his influential theories can be found in the â€Å"Wealth of Nations†. Adam Smith was known for advocating the laissez-faire . One of the main theory that Adam Smith had come up with is whats called â€Å" the power of invisible hand of free enterprise†. This theory suggest that by acting in our self-interest, we help other through invisible hand, therefore you as well as the society benefit from self-interest. An example of that could be, if an person set up a company to make as much profit for himself as possible, he will also create employment for other people, therefore both parties benefit though the use of â€Å"invisible hand†.Show MoreRelatedThe Keynesian Era During The Middle Of The Nineteenth Century1720 Words   |  7 PagesBefore the â€Å"Keynesian† era in the middle of the nineteenth century, economists Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Mathus, and John Stuart Mill all shared somewhat similar economic views of the world. Some of the main concepts covered during this time included the division of labor, theories of rent, value, and distribution, theories of market â€Å"g luts† and population, and opportunity cost, competition, and trade. These classical economists believed capitalism was the foundation for an efficient economyRead MoreThe Impact Of Neoclassical Economics On The Economy Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pages Neoclassical Economics is an attempt to restore some of the principles that Adam Smith, a pioneer for capitalist markets, advocated for in his Classical Economic theory. Smith suggested that minimal intervention should be required regarding government policy as the laws of supply and demand will be self-correcting. John Maynard Keynes was an important figure that worked to apply fiscal policy that would remedy an economic depression. Keynes’s idea of fiscal policy is the means by which governmentRead MoreWhat Do John Maynard Keynes, Richard Norgaard, And Fred Block And Margaret Somers Essay1232 Words   |  5 PagesWhat do John Maynard Keynes, Richard Norgaard, and Fred Block and Margaret Somers have in common? 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They would condemn usury and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It wasn’t until 1776 that economics became a study of its own. Adam Smith is considered the father of economics. Through his work Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, he used mercantilism and physiocracy to develop classical economics. Smith emphasized consumption, rather than production to broaden the scope of economics. Modern thought still follows his examples for permitting self-interestRead MoreEconomics12898 Words   |  52 PagesECONOMICS CHAPTER 1 ECONOMIC WAY OF THINKING SCARE RESOURCES WEALTH OF THE NATIONS ECONOMICS: ADAM SMITH STAR CITY Scarcity Scarcity is the basic and central economic problem confronting every society. It is the heart of the study of economics and the reason behind its establishment. Authors have defined scarcity in various way some if which are complexly stated. One author defines scarcity as a commodity or service being in short supply, relatives to its demand (KapurRead MoreThe Impact of Agricultural Sector on Economic Growth in Nigeria18675 Words   |  75 PagesOF THIS INAUGURAL LECTURE In exploring the conceptual identity of my Inaugural lecture, I examined a sample of prevous Inaugural Lectures in terms of substance, content and style. I found that most previous lectures followed a ‘traditional’ or ‘classical’ stereotype, character ised by a rehearsal of own academic and research accomplishments. 6 While this approach is necessarily scholarly and desirable, I have however opted to take a somewhat ‘liberal’ approach. My liberal approach involves bothRead MoreTrade Openness and Economic Growth in Nigeria23422 Words   |  94 PagesLITERATURE The issue of whether trade and increased openness would lead to higher rate of economic growth is an age-old question which has sustained debate between pro-traders and protectionists over the years from classicalists like Adam Smith, John Stuart mill, to John Maynard Keynes, Raul Prebisch, Hans Singer, Paul Krugman and many others. Theorists from both theses have influenced policy many countries and at various stage of development there has also been a huge policy debate about what constitute â€Å"good†

What Makes Me, Me - 2865 Words

Francisca Flores Dr. Lind Creative Writing 3/0916 What makes me, ME? I was an ordinary girl , I wasn’t a troublemaker if you will , I was quite and shy girl , but at the end of the day I felt an emptiness within myself , I was just tired of following the beat of the world. Several times I can say that my sleep was gone and my heart was full of sorrow , I dread the pain that was waiting for me tomorrow and when the sun revealed my broken were scattered on the ground. You see, every time I faced a mountain, that I never faced before it seems like all I can see was the struggle. I thought I could control whatever life would throw my way, but I found myself haunted by ghosts that lived in my past bound up in shackles of all my failures wondering how long is this gonna last. That s why I called on the Lord I knew it had been awhile, But I asked Lord to please hear my prayer, I needed Him like I never have before. Then He look at this prisoner and say to me daughter Stop fighting a fight that s already been won† . I will admit this has brough t me to my knees! His Love is so much stronger than whatever troubles me. I can freely say that I am redeemed, He had set me free, so I shake off my heavy chains, wipe away every stain now I m not who I used to be, I am redeemed. All my life I have been called unworthy, named by the voice of my shame and regret, but when I hear His whisper, Child lift up your head; I remember oh God, You re not done with me yet. I’m not ashamedShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes Me, Me?3010 Words   |  13 PagesCreative Writing 3/0916 What makes me, ME? I was an ordinary girl , I wasn’t a troublemaker if you will , I was quite and shy girl , but at the end of the day, I felt an emptiness within myself , I was just tired of following the beat of the world. All my life Ive been living in a valley in a valley baca place (valley of weeping) . I just didn t felt at home. 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Looking up from my cake I could see my friend running towards me. â€Å"Grace,† my friend shouted to me flashing a piece of paper, â€Å"I need you to hold this for me because I have to give this assignment to a teacher!†Read MoreWhat Makes Me Love?888 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking at what love means everybody has a different interpretation of what it is and what it means to them. During our lifetime, we will experience several different types of loves that range from love for our family, friends and lovers. We will show our love for those we care about in many different ways. For me love isn’t just a four letter word it’s about how one shows their love for those they care about. I am not a person that will say I love you one hundred times a day instead, I wouldRead MoreWhat Makes You Me?1702 Words   |  7 PagesKnow Yourself It has been said that much about a person’s lifestyle can be predicted just by knowing his or her own culture. With this being said it would make sense as to why my life has always been so unpredictable, seeing that I’ve never known much about my own culture. It’s not so much that I’m unaware of my African American culture, but more in fact that despite being a product of my culture, I could never really relate to or fit in with other members of my own culture.Read MoreWhat Makes Me Happy?1509 Words   |  7 PagesWhat makes me happy We have fantastic projects. The research and methods are unique and fun. I m always proud to talk about my job, since it is usually way cooler and more interesting than anyone else’s! Additionally, the fact that we have such varied projects is great. We’ve worked in cultural, athletic, health care, and more (even gun technology!) industries. This keeps the work fresh and exposes me to many different industries. 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Steps Involved in Undertaking Community Assessment - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Steps Involved in Undertaking Community Assessment Answer: Overview of Community Assessment Community assessment is a tool, which enables the proper identification of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats that are prevailing in a community. It also provides relevant information that assists a health care provider to work in sync with a community and simultaneously address their problems or needs. Community assessment also serves as intervention, where it promotes community participation in the assessment process, ownership of the findings and their engagement with the subsequent outcomes. These findings of the ownership facilitate overall community growth and development. (McMurray Clendon, 2015). The Community Assessment helps in the development of the community health for the betterment of the mankind. This specific approach is best applicable in small yet defined areas like villages, small localities or housing estates (Sampson, Gearin Boe, 2015). Hospitals experience a paradigm shift starting from population-based community health planning to planning population-based study. A community health assessment has two basic steps assessment and action. Here the assessment identifies the problems prevailing in the community and the action follows the planning that determines which of these problems should be addressed with which resources. A comprehensive community health planning involves different steps. Profiling of the population This step deals with the information that will help to define the health prospective of the community and their specific health needs. This can be elucidated via noting the down the key characteristics of the population, health status of the people, local factors affecting the health of the residents of the community, whether these affects are positive or negative, the health care services that are commonly being provide to the residents of the community, the perspective of the people on their health parameters and finally the local and the national priorities for health (Hong Scardamalia, 2014). Not only have the health parameters, in order to strictly profile a community before health assessment, the demographic data also needed to be accessed. In the field of demographic data their lies, geographical background of the population, number of people residing in the community, average age group, gender distribution, ethnicity and literacy rate. Furthermore, mortality and the morbidity rate provide the actual reflection of the health framework of a community. Here the mortality describes the pattern of death in relation to age, gender, reason behind death and morbidity rate defines the illness, disability, and their degree of prevalence. Such information can be collected from the hospitals and must be effectively incorporated while community profiling (Barnett, 2012). Other related factors that must be taken into consideration while community profiling are health inequalities, local factors affecting health of the population, work and employment of the youth, poverty and income of the family, environmental condition (pollution, sanitation and housing), social cohesion (networks, migration, sudden pleasure and other leisure) and other existing destabilizing factors (Morris et al., 2014). Collection of information The first step involves the type of health information required to identify health needs of a community and the next preceding step is to collect relevant information. In order to collect information, few approaches must be religiously cited. These include proper description of the community via geographic maps and census information from the local administration. Local views must also be taken into consideration while collecting the data and this can be done by approaching the local individuals or groups, collecting health views from particular professions like school teachers, local dentists, trained pharmacists, social/community workers and religious leaders. After individual surveys, there come the local surveys. Local surveys can be time consuming and in order to safe time, this can be done via citing the disease registers used for chronic illness like diarrhea, diabetes, cholera, yellow fever etc. However, if conducting patient based surveys, confidentiality must be maintained (Pitts et al., 2013). Surveys are at times diplomatic and may lead to misleading results, in order to overcome such false positive results, newspaper reports are cited followed by study of the health measures, nursing information, nursing knowledge and additional family health assessment. The family health assessment is a specialized nursing tool that has three distinct aims: access to the family health needs in collaboration to the family, identification of health services required by the company, proper gain of information for the assessing the accurate need at the community level (Clark, 2015). Assessment of the information The information collected in step 2 must be analyzed in order to plan, implement and evaluate the health service. For the proper analysis of the collected information a definitive approach must be undertaken. This includes a rigorous comparative study. Comparison of the selected group of population with a larger population, in order to ascertain the health issues and the disease rate. This is followed by the comparative data analysis with the previous year data, identifying significant gaps and identification of the positive features as well as the prevailing alarming health problems in the community (Bretan et al., 2013). In order to identify the significant gaps statistical analysis must be conducted and the portion that must be highlighted on the statistical analysis are: Questioner for Statistical Analysis Number of the affected individuals (chronic illness) Impact of illness on peoples life Evidence or prevalence of appropriate or effective interventions Abundance of the health service or lack in any field Health strategies and priorities Expertise in nursing training available Nature of prevention strategy Taking actions In order to record the action plans a specific table must be maintaine Health Problems to be addressed Objectives Actions to be taken Who will process the objectives Time scale of the mission Evaluation of the measures undertaken Conclusion Conducting a community assessment generally involves collating the list of different problems that needs to solved against the parameters of the recent available resources. All of this can be done by implementing four basic steps that can be simplified into process of collecting and examining data, identification of the problems those have already being addressed, consultation with the professional experts in the health domain, and proper analysis of the existing data. After the successful completion of the community assessment analysis, proper planning and successful implementation of the designed programs need to be done. It is also important to inspire the community to back the initiative of community health assessment this is due to the fact that if a said community gets indulged in the task of protecting the overall health background of its own native people, it generate a powerful drive for changing the health backup. References Barnett, K. (2012). Best practices for community health needs assessment and implementation strategy development: A review of scientific methods, current practices, and future potential.Atlanta, Georgia: The Public Health Institute The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Bretan, O., Silva, J. E., Ribeiro, O. R., Corrente, J. E. (2013). Risk of falling among elderly persons living in the community: assessment by the Timed up and go test.Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology,79(1), 18-21. Clark, M. J. (2015). Community health nursing. Hong, H. Y., Scardamalia, M. (2014). Community knowledge assessment in a knowledge building environment.Computers Education,71, 279-288. McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2015).Community Health and Wellness-E-book: Primary Health Care in Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Morris, J. N., Howard, E. P., Fries, B. E., Berkowitz, R., Goldman, B., David, D. (2014). Using the community health assessment to screen for continued driving.Accident Analysis Prevention,63, 104-110. Pitts, S. B. J., Vu, M. B., Garcia, B. A., McGuirt, J. T., Braxton, D., Hengel, C. E., ... Ammerman, A. S. (2013). A community assessment to inform a multi-level intervention to reduce CVD risk and risk disparities in a rural community.Family community health,36(2), 135. Sampson, G., Gearin, K. J. M., Boe, M. (2015). A rural local health departmenthospital collaborative for a countywide community health assessment.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,21(1), 23-30.

Wireless Elecricity Essay Example

Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract—The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wirele ss Power Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Spa ce Solar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell Internationa l and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by m icrowave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna inpu t impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% efficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilit ies of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sa hara Desert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wi res is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towe rs. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Cour tesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth Internatio nal Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45 Wireless Elecricity Essay Example Wireless Elecricity Essay Niharika Sharma Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, [emailprotected] com Varun Pachauri Electronics and Communication Engineering, [emailprotected] com Wireless Electricity Abstract—The present paper intends to link several disciplines in an attempt to describe the concept of wireless electricity. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, unaffordable, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver to make the system economical.Some common forms of wireless electricity transmission methods are Direct Induction followed by resonant magnetic induction, electromagnetic radiation  in the form of  microwaves  or  lasers. With this technology we can reduce power losses produced through wired lines. Different concepts and application of wireless power transmission are discussed in this paper. Introduction The definition of Wirele ss Power Transmission is: efficient transmission of electric power from one place to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance.Maxwells theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865 mentions electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and the conclusion that light itself was just a wave. In 1886 H. Hertz performed an experiment with pulsed wireless energy transfer. . He produced an apparatus that generated and detected microwaves in the UHF region. Tesla also performed experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Teslas Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could able to transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.In present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. The transmission of power without wires may be one idle alternative for electricity. Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Spa ce Solar Power Satellite. History of Wireless Electricity In 1864, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. In 1884, John Poynting realized that the Poynting Vector would play an important role in quantifying the electromagnetic energy.In 1888, bolstered by Maxwells theory, Heinrich Hertz first succeeded in showing experimental prove of radio waves by his spark-gap radio transmitter. The prediction and prove of the radio wave in the end of 19th century was start of the wireless power. The Raytheon Company performed the first successful WPT experiment in 1963. In this experiment power was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. The Raytheon Company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. In 1975, Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile.This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless energy outside the laboratory. Rockwell Internationa l and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5. 87 GHz. Three kilowatts of energy was transmitted and 500 watts was received. In 1980s, Japanese scientists developed the MPT technologies and research. In 1983 and 1993, Matsumoto’s team carried out the first Microwave Power Transmission experiment in space. The rocket experiment was called Microwave Ionosphere Nonlinear Interaction experiment i. . MINIX in 1983 (Fig. 1) and International Space Year – Microwave Energy Transmission in Space in 1993, respectively. They focused nonlinear interaction in between intense microwave and plasmas. In this experiment, they used cooker-type 800W-2. 47GHz magnetron for microwave transmitter. New wave-wave-particle interaction phenomenon was observed in this experiment. Plasma theory and computer experiments also supported the observations. Figure 1. MINIX Rocket experiment in 1983 Technologies for Wireless ElectricityThe modern ideas are dominated by m icrowave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that power into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical energy. A microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: ? Electrical energy to microwave energy conversion ? Absorption antenna that collects the waves ? (Re)conversion to electrical energy Figure 2. Microwave transmitter and rectennaThe microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output energy. The output microwave energy ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2. 45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected energy. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna inpu t impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 wave guide sections with 8 slots per section.These 64 slots radiate the energy uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for energy of its high aperture efficiency (;gt;95%) and high power handling capability. A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted energy and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Every row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky barrier diode i. . impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the energy is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received energy. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with more than 90% efficiency at 2. 45 GHz. Another possibility is to use highly efficient fibre lasers for wireless energy transmission where the possibilities are similar to microwaves concept but lasers emit energy at frequencies much higher than microwave.For several years NASA, ENTECH, and UAH have been working on various aspects of collection of the laser radiation and conversion to electrical energy for laser wireless energy transmission. Figure 3. Two optical forms of wireless antenna formed of search light beam-ionised atmospheric stream Applications of Wireless Electricity Wireless Power for Space Solar Satellites * The largest application for microwave power transmission is Space Solar Power satellites. In this application, solar energy is captured in space and converted into electricity.The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave energy will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilit ies of solar power satellites. Main problem is the high investment cost due to the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per kg of transported material. * Table. 1-Parameters for transmiting antenna for sps system * Figure. 4. Space Solar Power Satellite Power Supply for Rural AreasWireless power can be an option for power supply to rural areas. In 1993, a project presented about wireless power supply in Alaska. Because of limited infrastructure, numbers of small rural communities in Alaska must provide their own electricity. These systems can be expensive or just not available. At the moment, the small communities produce their own power with mostly diesel engines. These produce so noise and pollution. Also the required fuel has to be transported over long distances. This results in an electricity price in excess of $40/kWh.In Alaska cable connections through water is no alternative because of ice. With the help of WPT, the required power production of the communities can be combined. It can reduce noise, pollution and transportation of fuel. WPT may be capable of transmitting electrical power to Alaska’s remote villages. To investigate these possibilities, a project was conducted named Alaska21†. System used for the project consisted of a 2. 46 GHz phased array design. The distances should be bridged are between 1 and 15 miles. Figure. 5. Alaska’21 * V.Merits of Wireless Electricity An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for the costly and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would also reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. There are areas of the world where the need for electrical energy exists, yet there is no method for delivering energy. Africa is in need of energy to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sa hara Desert.Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical energy necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations. The wireless transmission will solve most of above problems. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Figure 6. An office using wireless electricity Demerits of Wireless Electricity A common criticism of the wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects.Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. One major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer. Conclusion The transmission of energy without wi res is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical power can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance.Many researchers have established in numerous observations and experiments qualitative and quantitative. It is clear that wireless power transmission systems in the range of 100 W to 100 kW to cannot compete with traditional systems just looking at the costs. At those places where economic competition is not the prime consideration, it can be an option. Microwave wireless energy transmission can supply energy to those places that are difficult to reach. Especially small communities in rural areas could be supplied with power using wireless power transmission.The problems of a possible lack of energy during the next fifty or hundred years could be solved by the Space Solar Power Station. The system would reduce the cost of electrical power used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towe rs. It has negligible drawbacks like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. References James O. McSpadden, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Demonstration†, Texas Aamp;M University, June, 1997. Elvina Finzi, Carlo Lombardi, and Leopold Summerer. A lunar IPWR: A pre-feasibility study. In IAC 2006, volume IAC-06- D2. 8. , Valencia, Spain, Oct. 2006. IAF. Thomas W. Benson, â€Å"Wireless transmission of power now possible†, News Letter, pp1118 – 9, March, 1920. Charych Arthur (Setauket, NY), â€Å"System and method for wireless electrical power transmission†, Patent No. 6,798,716, September 28, 2004. Joe T. Howell, et. al, â€Å"Advanced receiver / converter experiments for laser wireless power transmission†5th. Wireless transmission conference, pp 1-8, Garanda, Spain, 2004. Nikola Tesla, â€Å"The true wireless†, Electrical Experiment, May, 1919. Toby Grotz,† Wireless transmission of power†, Cour tesy of the Tesla BBS at 719 486-2775, August 28, 1990.Cheney, Margaret (1999), Tesla Master of Lightning. Health and safety issues for microwave power transmission, John M. Osepchuk, Solar energy Vol. 56, 1996 The results of NASA Fresh look at the feasibility of Space Solar Power, John C. Mankins, 1997. Nicola Tesla. The transmission of electrical energy without wires. Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905. Sang, L. C. K. , A. Celeste, and J-D. L. S. Luk, â€Å"A Point-to-Point Terrestrial Wireless Power Transportation Using an Injection-Locked Magnetron Array†, Proc. of Millennium Conference on Antennas amp; Propagation, 2000, p. 87 Tahir, I. , A. Dexter, and R. Carter, â€Å"Phase Locked magnetrons by use of their pushing characteristics†, Proc. of Sixth International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005, pp. 65-68 Shinohara, N. , T. Mitani, and H. Matsumoto, â€Å"Development of Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetron†, Proc. of Sixth Internatio nal Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC2005, 2005,pp. 61-64 Shinohara, N. , H. Matsumoto, and K. Hashimoto, â€Å"Phase-Controlled Magnetron Developmentfor SPORTS : Space Power Radio Transmission System†, The Radio Science Bulletin, No. 310, Sep. 2004, pp. 9-35 Granatstein, V. L. , P. K. Parker, and C. M. Armstrong, â€Å"Scanning the Technology: Vacuum Electronics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, 1999, pp. 702–716 Heider, S. , â€Å"The Commercial Space TWTA Market Review and Trends†, Proc. of 1997 ESA Workshop, 1997, pp. 63-68 Sivan, L. , â€Å"Microwave Tube Transmitters – Microwave Technology Series 9-â€Å", Chapman amp; Hall, 1994 Matsumoto, H. , â€Å"Research on Solar Power Station and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan : Review and Perspectives†, IEEE Microwave Magazine, December 2002, pp. 36-45

Poly

Poly Abstract It is projected that poly-substance abuse is the major cause of depression because there are high chances that a depressed individual is a frequent user of poly-substances. Poly-substance abuse forces people to abandon their social roles, which lead to depression. This paper looks at the ways in which poly-substance abuse is related to depression.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Poly-Substance Abuse in Adolescent Males with Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper looks at the way in which poly-substance abuse brings about depression in adolescent males. The essay suggests a quantitative study that would be critical in gathering relevant data related to the relationship between depression and drug abuse. In the subsequent section, the proposal suggests a data analysis method that uses statistics Introduction Poly-substance abuse in adolescent males with depression is common in many soci eties. Winters and Latimer (2004) conducted a study, which established that poly-substance abuse affects all ethnic groups meaning that it does not affect only certain cultural groupings. This quantitative study focuses on the relationship between poly-substance abuse in adolescent males and depression. By definition, poly-substance abuse refers to the patterned intake of a substance (drug) that is usually taken either in large or small quantities. The substance has the ability to affect the behavior and actions of individuals. The substance is usually used illegally using unapproved methods meaning that it would definitely change the attitude of the individual. It should be noted that poly-substance abuse is not restricted to those that change the mood of the individual or those that activate the psychological processes. Athletes are usually reported to using drugs that stimulate their muscles and give them additional energy. This is also considered drug abuse because it changes th e functioning of the body and the brain, which affects the psychological processes. Ksir (2002) observed that the use of illicit drugs such as narcotics, stimulants, and depressants are some of the examples of poly-substance abuse. Poly-substance abuse is directly related to depression because those who use drugs are always miserable as compared to non-users of drugs. People suffer emotionally due to the intake of illicit drugs. For instance, athletes are usually snatched their medals due to suspicion of poly-substance abuse. Research gaps in literature, which is related to the relationship between substance abuse and depression, exist. Problem Statement In human life, there are moments that an individual feels confused and sad. This is a normal feeling, but its persistence is considered a sign of depression. Depression occurs when a male adolescent loses something that he values so much in his life. Sometimes, an adolescent could be depressed after going through a stressful event o r event.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At times, depression affects the normal life of the adolescent male because he cannot execute his duties in a way that befits him. This may lead to a psychological disorder referred to as the major depressive disorder (MDD), also referred to as clinical depression. Therefore, there is need of establishing the extent at which poly-substance abuse is related to depression. It is clear that adolescent males engage in poly-substance abuse because of a number of reasons. Depression is the major cause because many feel frustrated to an extent of engaging in poly-substance abuse as a way of reducing stress. Statement of Purpose A number of studies have been conducted to ascertain the relationship between poly-substance abuse and depression. Each study has been focusing on particular groups, depending on the choice of the researcher . In this proposal, the effects of poly-substance abuse in adolescent males would be evaluated. The main purpose of the proposal is to suggest a relevant method that would achieve desired results. The proposal gives some of the articles that would be critical in understanding the relationship between poly-substance abuse and depression in adolescent males. Apart from suggesting some of the articles in the literature review section, the proposal suggests a quantitative method that will utilize the questionnaires in gathering relevant data. The use of questionnaire enables the researcher to collect adequate information that is relevant to the study. In doing this, the proposal seeks to answer a number of questions, including the following: Is poly-substance abuse the only cause of depression among male adolescents? To what extent does substance abuse influence the behavior of an individual What are some of the substances that the adolescent males frequently abuse Hypothesis Male ado lescents go through various challenges, one of them being poly-substance abuse, which affects their behavior and mood. Poly-substance abuse is a major cause of depression in adolescent males because it affects their psychological and social processes. This causes depression because the adolescent might not be able to achieve the expected results owing to poly-substance abuse. Literature review Depression is the most crucial aspect that makes young males to indulge in poly-substance abuse. Male adolescents express their depression in various ways. Poly- substance abuse lowers an individual’s level of judgment making him or her to indulge in risky behaviors such as premarital sex or even becoming homosexual an aspect that increases their risk to diseases such as HIV/AIDS among others.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Poly-Substance Abuse in Adolescent Males with Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the studies that Boys, Marsden, and Strang conducted in 2000 concluded that poly-substance abuse has a tremendous effect on the life of young males. The study utilized a snowball sampling technique to reach at the conclusion. The respondents noted that some of the commonly abused substances include alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. The majority of the participants confirmed that they had actually utilized the above substances to fulfill their measured substance use functions. In another study conducted by Huba and Lisa (2000), it was established that poly-substance abuse increases the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. In their study, young Hispanic males were more likely to abuse poly-substances while the Native American females were prone to poly-substance abuse. Moreover, the study established that those who abuse drugs are likely to engage in unprotected sex, which predisposes them to the risks of contracting HIV. It is noteworthy that their research results are representativ e of findings in clinical gay-bisexual male adolescents and may not hold for the same group of male adolescents in the general societal setting. Additionally, different ethnic groups exhibit varying frequencies of the involvement of depressed adolescent boys in poly-substance abuse. This was established through a study carried out by Winters and Latimer (2004) in their attempt to find the relationship between Alcohol and other drugs abused in adolescent boys from different ethnic groups in the U.S. Poulin (2004) and other scholars investigated the relationship between depression and poly-substance abuse in male adolescents in the four Atlantic provinces of Canada as far as gender is concerned. Poulin’s sample consisted of 12,771 students in both junior and high schools of the public schools in the four provinces. They found out that adolescent males were consistently at a higher risk of depressive symptoms, depressive disorders since they tend to internalize their problems mo re than others do. According to their study, the prevalence of very elevated symptoms among male adolescents was 8.6% while that of the males was 2.6%. However, male adolescents are at a greater risk of substance use disorders than the adolescent females. Poulin (2004) found out that different substances are used at different rates among male adolescents with depression. The findings were similar to those of Nolen-Hoeksema’s (2001) who carried out a study to describe how the different genders have different experiences as far as stress in male adolescents is concerned. They identified most of the abused substances among male adolescents. They include alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They associated the increased use of these substances with an increasing probability of depressive disorder. They also noted that smoking was the least controllable substance among the males. They established that depressive symptoms and disorder are the major predictors of smoking uptake not only in adolescence but also in adulthood. Early onset smoking poses a greater risk for severe depression symptoms than later onset smoking. On the other hand, cannabis abuse was associated with males with had a history of depression disorder. An approximated 16% of those who had used cannabis at least once in their life were diagnosed with depression compared to 6% of the male adolescents who had never used cannabis. They also found out that most of the students had depression symptoms while others already had depression disorder but they had not received much help form the society. Only 10.3% reported that they had received help for depression. Their findings show that for the different level s of depression only 12% of the students with somewhat elevated depressive symptoms had received help so was 22% of the students who had very elevated depressive symptoms. Major depression is one of the most common and serious disorders among male adolescents. The estimated prevalence of the disorder is between 2.8% and 8.2%. Depressed adolescents are highly vulnerable to poly substance abuse such as engagement in multiple illegal activities (Poulin 2004). No study proves that defective genes cause major depressive disorder. However, a relationship between genetic makeup and susceptibility to major depression disorder exits. This is based on the idea that some families are known to commit suicide while others have the ability of handling stress very well. In one of the studies performed on twins, a relationship between genetics and major depression disorder was eminent (Smoller, Sheidley, Tsuang, 2008). It is anticipated that the genetic code will soon link substitutions of persona l bases to an individual’s DNA. So far, at least five studies have proved that the etiology of major depressive disorder is genetic. The studies show that heritability is prevalent in women as compared to men. Moreover, heritability level is high for individuals who are exposed to similar conditions as their parents. Individuals who are exposed to diverse experiences have high chances of suffering from depression as compared to those who live under stable conditions. In the family system, the behavior of parents affect heritability of depression since one of the studies established that an approximated 38% of individuals suffered from depression inherited from their parents (Zeanah, 2009). The study further found out that the behavior of parents, as well as their genes could influence the rate at which an individual suffers from depression. Methodology Sampling This study will obtain its sample from three schools in the United States. Those sampled would be 102 male adolescen ts aged between 14 and 19. A sample of approximately 102 adult males will be recruited for this study. To recruit young adolescents with different levels of depression, the researcher would obtain membership information from community based organizations and the school administration located in the three schools selected for this study. The eligibility criteria would include individuals who are over the age fourteen, but below 19 years, English speakers, adolescent males, and not currently engaging in effective stress management programs. The participants would be recruited through a process of practical mail (Hughes, 1997). Therefore, a convenience sampling technique would be the most applicable sampling method since the participation in the study will be voluntarily. After completion of the baseline assessment, participants will be assigned to a group that demonstrates very frequent poly-substance abuse, frequent depression, and frequent underperformance, indicated by the school a uthorities (Krathwohl, 2004). Assessment/Survey PCL-M will be used in this study. It is a self-report measure, which is easy to use given the fact that it can be completed within a short time. The assessment instrument is so effective when it comes to establishing the emotional states of individuals. The reactions of the respondents would be measured on a Linkert scale whereby scores would be compared with those in the scale (Hunter, Leahey, 2008). The survey instrument will have a number of questions that would be aiming at collecting critical information regarding the emotional states of male poly-substance users. The Linkert scale will run from 0-20, with scores of 10-20 indicting high rate of depression while scores of 0-10 will indicate low depression rates among respondents (Diriwchter, Valsiner, 2006). Respondents with high depression rates according to the Linkert scale will be cross-examined to establish the factors with relevant correlation to poly-substance abuse. Measu res Independent Varibale In this study, young male adolecent’s demographic characteristics such as age and education were identified as the major control varibales. Age is a very important control variable because it helps in explaining the rationality of the response. The level of education plays a critical role in determining the skills and specialization of an individual, which encourages him to engage in poly-substance abuse (Andrzej, Buchaman, 2007). Physical health will be one of other independent variable to be measured in this study, which will be measured using the self-rated health meaning that respondents would be requested to rate their health. Some of the options will include excellent, very good, good, fair, and poor. A model variable will be formed to stand for fair/poor self rated physical health. This model variable will also be included in data analysis. Mental health will be captured using the yes/no question. Dependent Variables Poly-substance use will be one of the dependent varibales that the study will be seeking to measure. It is a contnuous varibale consiting of various substabces such as alcohol and other illicit drugs. However, it does not include tobbaco. The variable will be constructed by first dichotomizing substances through reviewing the regularity of use in the last thirty days. These dichotomous measures would then be summed to generate a count of the number of substances abused by the male adolescents over thirty days. The response series for this variable will be from 0-7. Data Analysis Data analysis refers to the process of transforming raw data into refined useful information that can be of use to people. Before settling on a method of data analysis, it is important that a clear data analysis approach be developed. The research can take quantitative, qualitative, or categorical approach. This research took a quantitative approach. Depending on the type and accuracy needed, data analysis can take a simple descripti ve form or a more complex statistical inference. The technique used in the analysis can be univariate analysis, bivariate analysis or multivariate analysis. In selecting the appropriate method, a researcher should ensure that assumptions relating to the method are satisfied. In analyzing the collected data, the researcher will use appropriate statistical data analysis tools such as descriptive and inferential statistics in analyzing quantitative data. In relation to the quantitative analysis, the most commonly used sets of statistics include mean, frequencies, standard deviation, median, and percentages. The researcher will code and enter the quantitative data into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Using SPSS, the researcher will use cross tabulation to present the information. The tabulation would help give a clear picture of the impact of drug abuse on the psychological health of an individual. The researcher will also use descriptive statistics such as me an, standard deviation, percentage, and frequencies to describe the properties of the target population. Further, the researcher will use tables, figures, and charts to present the findings of the study. Because the research entails determination of the impact of drug abuse on the emotional wellbeing, there will be some form of comparison. The comparison will be done on how depression changes the attitudes of individuals. Correlation analysis would be important to make this a success. Consequently, chi-square tests would be utilized to evaluate the hypotheses. Inferential statistics like chi-square tests help to test whether the observed relationships between the variables are genuine. The statistical significance level used in the research is 0.05 indicating whether the observed association occurred by chance in 5 out of 100 results. Chi-square is the mainly utilized measure of association in social science investigation, being appropriate for utilization on ostensible, ordinal, hi atus, and relational data. In this study, the hypothesis would be proved through data analysis. It would be prudent to show that a group with very high level of poly-substance abuse has higher level of depression while the group with low level of poly-substance abuse has low level of depression. Data analysis process would follow data assessment and organization of scores. An average score of perceived depression for each group would be provided by calculating the central tendency. In this regard, the mean would be calculated. Moreover, the median would also be calculated just in case there would be outliers in the data collected. Once the results of the central tendency are obtained for each group, the correlations between the frequency of poly-substance abuse and perceived depression level would be obtained. The most common graph used to show the relationship between pairs of data is a scatter plot (Warren, Denley, Atchley, 2008). There would be need to identify the variables in order to create the scatter plot. Therefore, the independent variable in the case of this study would be frequency of poly-substance abuse. The dependent variable is the perceived level of depression. After creating a scatter plot for each group, the researcher would be able to determine whether he follows the positive slope pattern, negative slope pattern, or a straight line. Furthermore, the researcher would measure the strength of a linear relationship by calculating the correlation coefficient (r). In order to compute r, the researcher will utilize the formula NÃŽ £XY (ÃŽ £X) (ÃŽ £Y) √ ([NÃŽ £X2 (ÃŽ £X) 2] [NÃŽ £Y2 (ÃŽ £Y) 2]) or TI -84 Finally, the researcher would determine the statistical significance for the two variables for each group. The level of significance of 5% (0.05) would be used since it is normally utilized in psychology (Warren, Denley, Atchley, 2008). Expected Analysis This study will utilize the questionnaire in collecting information from respondents regarding poly-substance in adolescent males with depression. Analysis is expected to confirm the alternative hypothesis that a positive relationship between poly-substance abuse and depression exist. References Andrzej, A. Buchaman, A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. London: Prentice Hall. Boys, A., Marsden, J., Strang, J. (2000). Understanding reasons for drug use amongst young people: a functional perspective. Health Education Research Journal, 16(4), 457-469. Diriwchter, R. Valsiner, J. (2006). Quantitative Developmental Research Methods in Their Historical and Epistemological Contexts. FQS, 17(1), 8–26. Huba, G., Lisa, A. (2000). Predicting Substance Abuse among Youth With, or at High Risk for HIV. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14(2), 197-205. Hughes, J. (1997). The philosophy of social research (3rded.). London: Longman. Hunter, L. Leahey, E (2008). Collaborative Research in Sociology: Trends and Contributing Factors. American Sociologist, 39(1), 290– 306. Krathwohl, D. (2004). Methods of educational and social science research: an integrated approach (2nd ed.). Long Grove, Waveland Press. Ksir, O. (2002). Drugs, society, and human behavior (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender Differences in Depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173-176 Poulin, C. (2004). Gender Differences in the Association between Substance Use and Elevated Depressive Symptoms in General Adolescent Population. Addiction, 100(1), 525-535. Smoller, J. W., Sheidley, B. R., Tsuang, M. T. (2008). Psychiatric genetics: Applications in clinical practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publication. Warren, C., Denley, K. Atchley, E. (2008). Beginning statistics. Charleston, SC: Hawkes Learning Systems. Winters, K.C., Latimer, W.W. (2004). Measuring Adolescent Drug Abuse and Psychosocial Factors in Four Ethnic Groups of Drug-Abusing Boys. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12(4), 227-236. Zeanah, C. H. (2009). Handbook of infant mental health. New York: Guilford Press.

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary - Essay Example Scholars proposed several models. Two such models propounded by Albanese (1989; 1994, as cited in Lampe, 2003) is the bureaucratic model (hierarchical) and patron-client model. The crime group Cosa Nosa was originally studied to belong to the bureaucratic model but also categorized by other scholars under patron-client model who challenged the earlier categorization (Williams, n.d.; Lampe, 2003). Cressey (1969, as cited in Lampe, 2003) typifies the hierarchical model as a â€Å"nationwide bureaucratic organizational entity† (para. 3). Joe Albini (1971, as cited in Lampe, 2003) and Francis and Liz Ianni (1972, as cited in Lampe, 2003) saw the patron-client model as a â€Å"web of asymmetric ties† interlinked with the regional and cultural networks (para. 3). The organized crime bureaucratic model has a â€Å"hierarchical or pyramidal structures† with branches nationwide, operates an illegal cartel, the bureaucracy governed by a central commission, and there is a clear-cut division of tasks and specialized functions among the branches (Williams, n.d., p. 62). Therefore, it is described as more corporate in structure with defined operative functions. OC under this model has specific skills and expertise, administer the organization through hierarchy and follows a procedure (Abadinsky, n.d.). The structure depends on the particular skills and capacity of mem bers and not on ethnicity (Abadinsky, n.d.). The organization even hires employees, secretaries, accountants and lawyers (Abadinsky, n.d.). Embarking on new illicit ventures is motivated by purely financial concerns and not by power or personal consideration (Abadinsky, n.d.). The patron-client model, used as a political machine, can be traced on the in-flow of migrants from other countries (Abadinsky, n.d.). The migrants that grew dramatically from early 1900s to mid-1900 were discriminated upon, the object of hostility and worked on dangerous conditions (Abadinsky, n.d.). They were harnessed by a

Discussion Board 7-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board 7-1 - Essay Example ance in the coverage of child sexual abuse as they are the individuals with capabilities, skills and responsibilities to help survivors and perpetrators get timely justice, care and attention. Assessment makes a vital step in the treatment and support for survivors of child sexual abuse. Completing assessment on child sexual abuse at the onset of mental health counseling as well as continuing to assess throughout the treatment course is generally vital. Child sexual abuse is one of the causes of improper mental health on certain people who have been victims of the abuse. The abuse has made some individuals develop social withdrawal characteristics that have great relation to the emotions. Some survivors of the abuse have also developed (Jackson-Cherry Erford, 2014)Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) that has greatly compromised their normal human operations (Jackson-Cherry & Erford, 2014). Assessing for child sexual abuse then provides counselors with clues or hypothesis that might have been responsible for certain abnormal mental orientations. This gives counselors opportunities to create reliable strategies for treatment and recovery process for the victims. Realizing that certain suspected symptoms truly relate to child sexual abuse expounds knowledge about the vice and making future detection

13 Explain The Post 16 Options Essay Example for Free

13 Explain The Post 16 Options Essay The opportunities for pupils aged 16 and over has traditionally been either to leave school and start employment or to stay and continue with their education. Although many pupils do still choose one of these options, there is now more opportunities available as there has been an increased government focus on education for post 16 year olds in particular a focus on reducing the number of young people not in education, employment or training. The government is in the process of increasing the age to which all young people in England must continue in education or training. Since 2013  all young people have been required to continue in education or training untill they turn 17 years of age this will increase to 18 years of age by 2015. The goverment are focusing on post 16 options because they want to increase the quality of education available and ensure that all young people have the tools and opportunities they need to fulfil their potential so they are prepared for further education and work regardles of their background or life circumstances. See more:  Perseverance essay By giving young people the options to undertake academic and vocational education including appreniteships and traineeships they are  providing the skills need for life and work helping to create a more responsible, engaged and cohesive society. The post 16 options set out by the government are:  ·College  ·Sixth form  ·Apprenticeships  ·Employment with training One of the reasons for this change has been because of the governments concerns over the number of 16-24 year olds who have been classified as Neets. Neets are young people who are not in employment, education or training and are between the ages of 16-24. There is a number of factors that can contribute to young people becoming Neets they are:  ·Young people who were eligible for free school meals are more likely to become neets than those not eligible.  ·Young people who have been excluded or suspended from school are more likely to become neets than those not.  ·Young people who have their own child are more likely to become neets than those who dont.  ·Young people who have a disability are more likely to become neets than those who are not.  ·Young people who achieved five or more GCSEs A to C grade are less likely to become neets than those who have not. The government hopes that by raising the participation age it will ensure that  young people are equiped with the skills they need to be able to gain qualifications that will lead to sustainable jobs. Education and training is provided by a number of different ways for example:  ·Colleges  ·Universities  ·Charities  ·Armed forces  ·Youth and community organisations  ·Employment training  ·Private training providers The learners can work towards a range both academic and vocational qualifications as well as take GCSEs and functional skills such as English and Maths. They can work towards getting Alevels, access courses, foundation degrees and post graduate qualifications. In addition to the qualifications mentioned there are professional and specialist qualifications available to learners such as first aid, safeguarding training, manual handing ect. All the above together will help to ensure that:  ·More young people go on to study and gain the skills and qualifications that lead to sustainable jobs.  ·They will be fewer young people who are classified as neets (not in education, employment or training.  ·More young people will be involved in social action and feel they can make postivite changes in society and their own lives.

Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck Essay -- Chrysanthem

Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck "A symbol is an act, person, thing, or spectacle that stands for something else, by association a usually broader idea in addition to its own literal meaning" (Cassill & Bausch, 1728). John Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums" may seem as a story describing a simple day with the Allen couple. It begins with Elisa Allen working in her garden and her husband, Henry Allen, negotiating with two suited business men that want to purchase steers. They seem to engage in conversations and go about their day as they normally would do. By the time the story ends, they are on their way to dinner and a movie. At first glance, this story may seem as nothing special, just a day in the life of fairly happy couple attempting to enjoy their marriage. However, there is much more under the surface of what is written. The story has a relative amount of symbols which gives light on other details of the story. It is not until after looking at deeper meanings of some of the symbols that there can be a m ore comprehensive reading of the tale. If one takes a good look, one can notice that Henry is an uncommunicative husband, and Elisa craves for more from the relationship, and her life. The lack of passion between Elisa and her husband leads her to use her flowers, the chrysanthemums, and other household tasks as an outlet for the attention that she longs for. Elisa, like many other women, is limited by society's view on women's position in the home. A more clear example of how Elisa feels can be better explained by Steinbeck's description of the where Elisa and Henry live. "The high gray-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world. On e... ...but romantic. That simple gesture is enough to sustain Elisa for the present time. She probably also realizes that the wine is the most she will get out of Henry for a long time. All of this insight and analysis of the meaning behind Elisa's chrysanthemums is what opens up the undisclosed doors of this story. If one did not look further into the story, it would seem as if the author was providing a bunch of unnecessary pieces of information about a specific day in the life of Elisa Allen. The chrysanthemums, being the key to the story, give a more in-depth understanding of this woman's life and her struggles that would otherwise not be acknowledged. Works Cited: Steinbeck, John. ?The Chrysanthemums.? Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. 2nd Compact ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003. 359-366